Choc macaroons

Refined palm oil contains glycidyl esters and 3-MCPD esters, processing contaminants classified as genotoxic/potentially carcinogenic (IARC 2A/2B). EU maximum limits apply since 2018 (GE) and 2021 (3-MCPD).

Refined palm kernel oil contains glycidyl esters and 3-MCPD esters, processing contaminants classified as genotoxic/potentially carcinogenic (IARC 2A/2B). EU maximum limits apply since 2018.

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC): gut microbiome disruption in animal studies (Chassaing et al. 2015)

Citric acid: an acid found naturally in citrus fruits and formed in the body's own energy metabolism (the citric acid cycle); the additive is made by fermenting sugars with the mould Aspergillus niger. It adds sourness, regulates acidity and helps antioxidants work by binding metals. JECFA set no limit on its acceptable daily intake (ADI not limited), and the EU authorises it in most foods with no fixed maximum level (quantum satis).

Xanthan gum: a thickener and stabiliser made by fermenting sugars with the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. EFSA's 2017 re-evaluation found no need for a numerical acceptable daily intake and no safety concern for the general population; it is not absorbed intact and is fermented by gut bacteria. Large amounts (10–15 g a day in human studies) act as a bulk laxative and can cause flatulence or abdominal discomfort, which EFSA judged undesirable but not adverse.